The role of women in the rural areas of the Canary Islands
For centuries, women in the rural Canary Islands have been fundamental pillars of the islands’ economy, culture, and social life. Though often unseen, their impact has been crucial in agriculture, livestock farming, and the transmission of traditions. This article seeks to explore the historical and contemporary roles of rural women in the Canary Islands, their evolution, and the challenges they face today. The history of women in the rural context of the Canaries is marked by the constant struggle to balance domestic duties with their roles in agriculture and livestock farming. From the earliest settlements, women have been key to sustaining the family economy. Despite their importance, rural women have historically been relegated to the background, both in historical records and in political and economic decision-making. The role of women in agriculture From pre-Hispanic times to the present day, women have been at the forefront of agricultural work in the Canary Islands. Crops such as potatoes, maize, and cereals have depended on their hardworking hands. These women have not only planted and harvested but also played a key role in preserving traditional agricultural techniques, which today form part of the Canary Islands’ cultural heritage. In addition to agriculture, livestock farming has been another sector where women have played a prominent role. Responsibilities related to animal care, such as looking after goats and sheep, were shared, yet women often shouldered the majority of the daily workload. Indeed, even today, in many rural parts of the Canaries, it is they who keep the tradition of artisanal cheese production alive. Despite their contributions, rural women have had to struggle for generations to secure their rights. In the 19th century, the first movements emerged to improve working conditions and ensure fairer access to resources. It wasn’t until the 20th century that feminist movements began to have a tangible impact on rural policies on the islands. Developments in the 20th Century The 20th century marked a turning point for rural women in the Canaries. From the 1960s and 70s, with the advent of mass tourism and modernisation, many women left rural areas in search of better job opportunities in cities. However, many others chose to stay and adapt to the new times, incorporating innovations into agricultural and livestock practices. Today, women in the rural Canary Islands are not only farmers or livestock breeders but also lead entrepreneurial initiatives that promote sustainability and innovation in the sector. Rural tourism and the production of local goods, such as wines and cheeses, have opened new avenues for female entrepreneurship. Rural women are leading projects that combine tradition with innovation. The use of sustainable technologies in agriculture, such as efficient irrigation systems and organic production, are initiatives that many rural businesswomen have embraced to tackle the challenges of climate change. Female entrepreneurship in rural areas has grown significantly in recent years. Many women have transformed small agricultural operations into successful businesses. Local product fairs and online sales have made it easier for these businesswomen to reach a much wider market. Education and training Access to education has been a key factor in transforming the role of rural women. In recent decades, training and skills development programmes have enabled many women to acquire new skills to compete in a global market, from mastering new technologies to managing rural enterprises. Additionally, the Canary Islands government has implemented various programmes to support rural women, offering them access to financing, business advice, and training in new technologies. These programmes aim to reduce the gender gap and encourage female leadership in rural settings. Challenges facing rural women Despite these advances, rural women in the Canaries continue to face significant challenges. Gender inequality persists in many rural areas. Women often have limited access to resources such as land, water, and financing. This economic and social gap restricts their ability to develop and achieve autonomy. Beyond economic disparity, rural women often encounter social barriers, such as a lack of recognition for their work and traditional gender roles that still prevail in many rural communities. The role of the new generation The new generations of rural women are better prepared and have a more open outlook towards change. These young women are keen to break away from traditional moulds and seek new forms of participation in the rural economy. Furthermore, digitalisation has opened new doors for rural women. From online sales of local products to promoting their businesses on social media, access to technology is a key tool for their empowerment.